Foreign Languages ​​in Uzbekistan (JOURNALFLEDU.COM)
“Foreign Languages in Uzbekistan” is an open-access, peer-reviewed scientific journal and online portal established under the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 283 dated October 16, 2013. It is founded by the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovation of Uzbekistan and the Uzbek State University of World Languages. The journal focuses on research in philology and related fields, including theoretical linguistics, language teaching methodology, translation studies, literary studies, culture, and journalism. It provides a platform for scholars to publish scientific results and share academic research. Journal is published six times per year in a continuous online format, with no print version. All submissions undergo plagiarism screening and double-blind peer review. Original, previously unpublished articles are accepted in English, Uzbek, Russian, and other languages. The journal is indexed in multiple scientific databases, including the Higher Attestation Commission of Uzbekistan, Google Scholar, Crossref, eLIBRARY, WorldCat, BASE, OpenAIRE, PKP Index, and others. Publication costs are generally covered by authors. For complete information, full details, please visit: https://journalfledu.com/index.php/fleduuz/about
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THE ROLE OF THE IMAGE SYSTEM IN THE STORIES AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AUTHOR’S CREATIVE INTENT (Based on the Stories of the “Saddi Iskandariy” Epic)
The article examines the system of images in narratives widely represented in classical literature and incorporated into major literary works. The system of images in the narratives included in Alisher Navoi’s epic “Saddi Iskandari” serves as a vivid example of a traditional artistic model prevalent in classical literature. In scholarly literature, the concept of “image” is interpreted as an artistic and aesthetic symbol that generalizes and reflects reality within a literary work. The system of images constitutes a complex structure in which all characters, symbols, details, and allegorical elements are interconnected and serve to reveal a unified ideological and artistic content. The study provides scientifically grounded information on the system of images and their functions within the work. Particular attention is given to narrative images and their role in the structure of the text. Depending on their participation and function in the work, the images are classified into several groups: historical and fictional images, main and secondary images, motif and detail images, as well as active and passive images according to their degree of involvement in the narrative. These groups are systematized in tables. Furthermore, a scholarly analysis is conducted for each group of images and their functional significance in the work. Special emphasis is placed on the most frequently occurring and significant image types (such as detail, motif, active, and passive images), which are analyzed based on examples from the narratives. Scientifically grounded conclusions are also provided regarding the function of these images in the artistic structure of the work, their role in literary poetics, and the poet’s mastery in creating artistic imagery.
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This article emphasizes that linguopoetics is a new direction in world linguistics that was formed much later, based on the study of poetic works. The artistic attractiveness of prose works in the East, linguopoeticsthe basis of linguopoetics in linguistics and literary studies, and the means of artistic expression that are part of language and speech are discussed. In this regard, the interpretation and content of the term linguopoetics are emphasized. The main goal of this area is to determine the artistic depiction of stylistically coloured lexical units in the text and to provide a rational description of aesthetic writing, as well as to study artistic texts that represent the national and spiritual wealth of each nation. Information is provided on the origins of linguopoetic studies in linguistics and on scientific research in this area. The necessary materials have been prepared for the study of linguopoetic means in the works of Abdulla Qadiri that reflect the high level of Uzbek communicative culture. The term linguopoetics, the restoration of linguopoetic means in the literary text, information about the writer’s personal data is given in a spherical form. The construction of language units, from simple content to linguopoetics that give aesthetic pleasure, is proven. The study of the life and work of Abdulla Qadiri traces the related publication and translation of his books, and information about scientists who studied the image of the writer is presented. Candidate dissertations and militant novels written by literary scholars in response to the scientific ideas of Abdulla Qodiriy are listed. The basis of Abdulla Qodiriy's interpersonal relations according to world laws is laid. The writer's novels, which are the source of the continuation of the Uzbek people’s oral creativity, are distinguished by the emergence of novelism in Central Asia.
8+1+3 TIMING MODEL: AN ANALYSIS OF THE INTENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF FACEBOOK POSTS RELATED TO MCU FILMS (2008–2025)
Social media platforms play a critical role in the promotion, marketing, and audience engagement of films within the cinema industry. However, the absence of a standardized reference model defining the starting and ending points of social media campaign timing in existing studies weakens methodological consistency in analyses. This study aims to address this gap by analyzing the temporal intensity and distribution patterns of Facebook posts related to Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films within the framework of the original “8+1+3 Timing Model” developed by the researcher, while also revealing campaign dynamics at macro and micro levels. The model takes the film release date as the central reference point and provides a standardized analytical framework consisting of 12 units: eight months/weeks before release, the release period, and three months/weeks after release. The population of the study consists of all content related to the Marvel universe, while the sample includes the official Facebook accounts of 36 MCU films released between 2008 and 2025. The data obtained were analyzed at both macro (monthly) and micro (weekly) levels using quantitative content analysis. The findings indicate that a total of 5,986 posts at the macro level and 3,420 posts at the micro level were identified. Posting activity was largely concentrated in the pre-release and release periods. The results also show that the micro-level time segment accounts for a significant proportion of total posts, indicating that social media campaigns are structured around short-term intensity periods. In conclusion, the effectiveness of the 8+1+3 Timing Model in standardizing campaign dynamics and producing comparable data is demonstrated. This study contributes to the literature on film marketing and social media by proposing an original methodological approach that enables the measurement of timing strategies within a systematic framework.
FROM FREE THOUGHT TO A SINGLE IDEOLOGY: THE FORMATION OF THE SOVIET PRESS IN TURKESTAN
This article examines the emergence and institutionalization of the Soviet press in Turkestan, focusing on its organizational development and ideological functions. Following the October Revolution of 1917, the Bolsheviks restructured the media landscape by eliminating “bourgeois publications and replacing national newspapers and journals with a party-oriented press. Using publications such as Mehnatkashlar O‘qi, Mehnatkashlar Tovushi, Ishtirokiyun, Turkiston, and Qizil O‘zbekiston as examples, the article reveals the early experience of the Soviet press, the activities of local journalists, inequalities in material and technical resources, and the influence of centralized administration. Particular attention is paid to the transformation of the press into a tool of mass propaganda through compulsory subscriptions, the worker-peasant correspondent movement, wall newspapers, red corners, and red teahouses. Drawing on historical sources, the article also discusses the challenges faced by the local press in terms of paper supply, printing facilities, distribution networks, and personnel training. It argues that the Soviet press should be evaluated not only by its institutional growth but also by the increasing restriction on freedom expression and the subordination of journalistic initiative to administrative control. Although the Soviet press expanded institutionally and gained greater material and organizational resources, editorial independence, freedom of thought, and the ability to represent national interests became increasingly limited. The article emphasizes that, during the 1920s and 1930s, the centralization of the press through legislation, decrees, and party directives transformed it from an independent social platform into an instrument of ideological governance. The press of this period is therefore assessed as a contradictory phenomenon characterized by both institutional consolidation alongside increasing dependence on party-state control.
TRAVEL EXPERIENCE AND INFOTAINMENT: A NEW DIRECTION FOR DIGITAL JOURNALISM
The article analyzes thedevelopment, theoretical foundations, and digital transformation of travel journalism. The study examines scholarly interpretations of the concept of “travel journalism” and argues that it constitutes a complex media phenomenon situated at the intersection of journalism, tourism, and cultural communications. The article traces the historical origins of travel journalism and genres such as travelogues (sayohonatnoma), travel essays, sketches, and descriptive journalistic writing. It explores the digital transformation of contemporary travel journalism particularly the integration of informative and entertainment elements through the infotainment style. It highlights the changes in the content and form of travel journalism under the influence of the internet, social media, and digital platforms. The author emphasizes that the widespread adoption of blogs, video reports, podcasts, photo projects, and other multimedia formats has expanded the possibilities for visual storytelling genre hybridization, and interactive engagement with the audience. The study also examines the informative, educational, and cultural-mediatory functions of travel journalism, as well as its role in promoting tourist destinations. Special attention is paid to emerging digital formats, including virtual tours, multimedia storytelling, and visually integrated texts. It also provides a scholarly analysis of the main trends in the field, the risks of commercialization, standardization, and issues regarding the reliability of information. The author concludes that one of the key challenges of modern travel journalism is to maintain a balance between factual information, analytical interpretation, and artistic representation.
THE ORIGIN AND ESSENCE OF THE SIGN: COMMUNICATION THROUGH SIGNS IN THE PREHISTORIC AND AGRARIAN ERAS
The article examines the sign as one of the fundamental forms of understanding and transmitting information in the history of human communication. Drawing on semiotic, philosophical, and cultural-historical approaches, it analyzes the evolution of sign forms from archaic ways of orientation in the world to more complex systems of social communication. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between the sign, the symbol, object-based and abstract thinking, and to the role of sign systems in the prehistoric and agrarian eras. The author’s hypothesis is that the development of civilization may be described as a gradual complication and acceleration of the ways in which meanings are encoded, stored, and transmitted. In this context, the contemporary stage of communication makes it possible to raise the question of the further increase in the role of compact, visually rich, and rapidly combinable sign units. The article is the first part of a series devoted to the historical dynamics of sign communication and the prospects for its development.
AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS' CONFLICT RESOLUTION CULTURE IN THE HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM
The article discusses the current problem of developing the conflictology culture of future specialists. It presents the essential characteristics of conflictology culture and its interpretation in the context of research. The article substantiates the need for an integrative approach as a methodological strategy that combines psychological, pedagogical, sociocultural, and professionally oriented components. The article defines the criteria for the formation of the structural components of conflictology culture, including the cognitive-conceptual, activity-practical, and reflective-value components. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, the principles of an integrative approach in modern education have been identified. The results of an empirical study on the testing of an integrative approach to the development of students' conflictology culture in the higher professional education system are presented. The study was conducted with the participation of students from the Republic of Uzbekistan. In the experimental group, a thematic module (10 classes) was implemented over the course of one semester, based on the principles of an integrative approach (interdisciplinarity, dialogization, reflexivity, practice-orientedness, and subjectivity). The control group followed a standard curriculum. It was found that the experimental group experienced statistically significant changes in all components. The size of the effect (Cohen's d = 2.47) indicates the high practical significance of the integrative approach. No significant changes were observed in the control group. The results confirm the effectiveness of the integrative approach and allow us to recommend its implementation in the practice of higher professional education.
EFL TEXTBOOKS FOR BLIND AND VISUALLY IMPAIRED PUPILS IN UZBEKISTAN: A UNIVERSAL DESIGN FOR LEARNING APPROACH
Learning English can be challenging for blind and visually impaired (BVI) pupils because conventional textbooks rely heavily on visual elements, including pictures, colours, and page layouts. This reliance limits BVI learners’ access to both the materials and the content conveyed through them. This study examined the potential of redesigning EFL materials according to the principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL). The study was conducted at School-Boarding School No. 77 “Nurli Maskan” in Tashkent, where English is taught using the Grade 5 coursebook Guess What!. Three units of the coursebook were redesigned in accordance with UDL principles. In addition to existing braille materials, the adapted resources included audio materials, tactile aids, and screen-reader-compatible digital files. The study consisted of three phases. First, interviews were conducted with 15 BVI pupils and 8 English teachers to identify classroom learning barriers. Second, UDL-based instructional materials were developed. Third, a four-week pilot study was conducted with 20 fifth-grade pupils, who were divided into experimental and control groups of equal size. By the end of the pilot, the experimental group showed a mean improvement of 24.6 points, compared with 10.7 points in the control group. Pupils in the experimental group also demonstrated higher levels of classroom engagement, confidence, and satisfaction. Given the short duration of the pilot and the small sample size, these findings should be interpreted as preliminary. Nevertheless, they suggest that UDL may provide an effective framework for improving English-language learning opportunities for BVI pupils in Uzbekistan.
blind and visually impaired (BVI) pupils
THE APPLICATION OF THE DRAMA-BASED TEACHING METHOD IN CHINESE LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION (BASED ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS’ ORAL SPEECH AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE)
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Against the background of the continuous development of international Chinese language education, the issue of effectively improving the oral speech ability and intercultural communicative competence of Chinese language learners has become one of the most important research topics in the field of Chinese language teaching. Traditional Chinese language classes often focus on the explanation of vocabulary and grammar, while insufficient attention is paid to the practical use of the language in real communicative situations. This leads to a common phenomenon: students “know how to study, but do not know how to use” the language. The drama-based teaching method, as a pedagogical model grounded in experience, interaction, and situational learning, can create authentic and dynamic communicative conditions for students through role play, situational modelling, and process drama. This article focuses on the integrated Chinese language course as its object of study. Proceeding from the definition of the drama-based teaching method and its theoretical foundations, the author systematically analyzes the necessity of introducing this method into Chinese language teaching and the ways of its practical implementation. The article also examines the role of the teacher, the organization of classroom activities, and the specific stages of instruction. The study shows that the drama-based teaching method not only helps improve students’ language output ability and classroom engagement, but also enhances their cultural understanding, sense of cooperation, and creative thinking. This is of considerable importance for training Chinese language specialists with comprehensive communicative competence.
international Chinese language education
SEMANTIC-STYLISTIC AND ACTUAL INTERFERENCE IN THE SPEECH OF UZBEK SPEAKERS IN THE PROCESS OF USING ENGLISH ACADEMIC VOCABULARY
This article investigates semantic-stylistic and actual cases of interference in the English academic vocabulary of Uzbek speakers. In the context of higher educational standards and increasing demand for academic English proficiency, interference remains a significant factor that influences the quality of bilingual academic communication. Analyzing interlanguage theory and cross-linguistic influence models, the research investigates how Uzbek linguistic structures affect lexical, stylistic, and semantic choices in English academic writing. The study includes a qualitative corpus-based approach, including lexical-semantic, discourse, and error analysis of around 50 academic texts produced by Uzbek EFL learners. The findings reveal that interference operates at multiple levels, such as: lexical transfer (e.g., direct translation of collocations), semantic mismatch (conceptual reinterpretation of academic terms), stylistic deviation (informal and redundant structures), and discourse-level organization issues. It is demonstrated that Uzbek learners frequently rely on native language patterns such as “make research” or “open the topic,” which is considered a deviation from English academic norms. The study highlights that interference is a systematic feature of interlanguage development rather than random error. The results point the need for explicit instruction in academic collocations, register awareness, and discourse organization in English for Academic Purposes (EAP) teaching contexts.
LANGUAGE LEARNING FOR THE PURPOSES OF TEACHING
LINGUOCULTURAL FEATURES OF ENGLISH AND UZBEK SPEECH ETIQUETTE IN MEDIA DISCOURSE
Speech etiquette is considered not only a sequence of words to form a polite language but cultural manifestation beyond its denotative meaning, since it is an integral part of linguoculturemes which express cultural-national meaning together with the literal one. Since speech etiquette reflects cultural beliefs and ideology, national world picture, lifestyle of a particular country, it varies across nations, including English- speaking and Uzbek-speaking communities. Importantly, media discourse is one of the suitable setting to analyze politeness strategies. This article aims to identify cultural nuances, differences and similarities of English and Uzbek speech etiquette in both traditional and modern media. A distinctive feature of this study is that media discourse allows the simultaneous examination of speech etiquette through both verbal and non-verbal means of communication. The research addresses a linguocultural approach to the analysis of politeness markers. The findings demonstrate that English and Uzbek speech etiquette differ not only in terms of linguistic realization and cultural values, but also in the ways etiquette formulas are expressed in traditional and digital media. While traditional media generally preserve a degree of formality, even in entertainment programs, computer-mediated communication tends to favor informality and greater interpersonal closeness. However, it is not true to believe that traditional media is about all formality, and new media involves merely informality – they both have exceptions when it comes to that belief. In conclusion, this research emphasizes linguocultural peculiarities of both languages, relating them other linguocultureme types in media, including linguistic and extra-linguistic components.
COGNITIVE AND LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF FORENSIC MEDICAL EXAMINATION TEXTS IN LEGAL DISCOURSE
This article examines the cognitive and linguistic features of forensic medical examination texts within legal discourse. Forensic medical reports are complex expert documents located at the intersection of medicine, law, and institutional communication. They convert professional medical observations into legally relevant evidence and therefore require both scientific accuracy and textual clarity. The study examines how expert knowledge, reasoning, categorization, causality, and evidentiality are represented in such texts. From a cognitive perspective, forensic medical examination texts reflect the stages of professional thinking: observation of bodily injuries, identification of medical signs, classification according to accepted criteria, interpretation of causal relations, and formulation of conclusions. From a linguistic perspective, these texts are characterized by terminological precision, objectivity, standardized structure, impersonal constructions, passive voice, nominalization, logical sequence, and factual density. Particular attention is given to modality, since expert conclusions may be categorical, probable, or limited depending on the available data. The article also analyzes the relationship between descriptive and inferential components. Descriptive parts record visible facts, while inferential statements explain the mechanism, cause, time, degree of severity, and possible circumstances of injury. The findings show that the evidential value of forensic medical texts depends on the balance between medical exactness and legal comprehensibility. Ambiguity, excessive terminology, or weak logical connection may reduce the reliability of expert conclusions. Therefore, such texts should be studied as cognitive-linguistic documents that encode expert knowledge and mediate communication between medical specialists and participants of legal discourse in investigative, judicial, and broader procedural decision-making contexts.
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNCTIONAL-STYLISTIC AND EMOTIONAL-EXPRESSIVE STYLISTIC COLORING OF THE ADJECTIVE IN LITERARY TEXT (BASED ON V. M. SHUKSHIN'S STORIES)
The article discusses the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of stylistically coloured adjectival vocabulary in speech based on the fiction of V.M. Shukshin, in comparison with its presentation in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language. The stylistic coloring of a linguistic unit in general and an adjective in particular, having commonalities in the dictionary and in the literary text, is characterized by the author's interpretation in the text, indicating an individual writer's vision and realization of the linguistic unit in the dynamics of language, in which the semantic-stylistic volume of the lexeme typically expands and deepens through the author's intention, genre of the work, theme, influence of linguistic and extralinguistic factors. In V.M. Shukshin's stories, both the stylistic and the overall semantic-stylistic aspects of the adjectival vocabulary expand and deepen through individual-authorial innovations (neologisms, occasionalisms, non-standard word combinations, etc.) as well as through the use of dialectal words, jargon, colloquial expressions, which he uses in the same meaning as in the dialect, or giving them a different (or several different) semantic and stylistic meaning. The qualitative and quantitative (linguistic-statistical) analysis of the functioning of the adjectival vocabulary in V.M. Shukshin's stories in comparison with the content of the stylistic annotations in dictionaries revealed significant differences, indicating the semantic-stylistic interpretation of a certain part of the adjectives used by the writer, allowing to define such a writer's activity as evolutionary in relation to both the stylistic coloring of the adjectival vocabulary and its lexical meaning within his created literary texts, ultimately enriching the stylistics and semantics of the linguistic unit of the Russian language. During the scientific research, methods such as intralinguistic comparison, semantic-stylistic, linguistic-statistical, and inductive and deductive methods were used, contributing to the determination of the theoretical and practical significance of the investigated scientific problem.
THE MANIFESTATION OF INDIRECT ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS IN WOMEN’S SPEECH
This article investigates the pragmalinguistic features of Uzbek women’s speech within the framework of speech act theory. The analysis highlights the theoretical foundations of pragmalinguistics based on the scholarly perspectives of leading researchers. The study examines the communicative-pragmatic nature of locutive, illocutive, and perlocutive acts in speech, their speaker intentions, mechanisms of influence on the listener, and their interrelation with socio-cultural factors. In particular, the functional-semantic potential of speech acts such as complaints, grievances, requests, admonitions, warnings, advice, wishes, prayers, and curses in women's communication is revealed. Using examples from mother-in-law–daughter-in-law, mother–child, and husband–wife discourses, the paper discusses presuppositions, pragmatic homonymy, indirect illocutive acts, and gender-specific communicative strategies. The communicative function, emotional-expressive load, and the role of curses in expressing the speaker’s internal experiences and influencing the listener psychologically and socially are analyzed. Additionally, the application of these speech units in conveying warnings, disapproval, sarcasm, irony, or specific educational objectives is illustrated with examples. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the unique pragmatic nature of Uzbek women's speech and gender-specific patterns of verbal behaviour.
SYNCHRONICAL AND DIACHRONICAL ASPECTS OF RESEARCHING LANGUAGES
ENGLISH LOANWORDS IN DIGITAL COMMUNICATION: A STUDY OF COMPUTER TERMINOLOGY AMONG MULTILINGUAL STUDENTS
This study examines the use of English loanwords in computer- and technology-related communication among multilingual students. It focuses on how English technological terms are adopted and integrated into everyday language use across academic, home, and digital environments. The research employs a mixed-methods approach and involves 20 students who identified commonly used English terms related to hardware, software, networking, programming, security, and social media. The analysis reveals stable patterns of lexical borrowing and shows that English terminology is deeply embedded in students’ daily communication. These loanwords enhance clarity, simplify complex concepts, and reduce the need for translation, thereby improving communication in technology-oriented contexts. The study also highlights the strong influence of English as the global language of technology. However, it notes that increasing reliance on borrowed terms may contribute to the decline of native technical vocabulary. Overall, the research outlines both the practical benefits and linguistic implications of widespread lexical borrowing.
THE THINKING LOGIC AND CULTURAL CODE OF EAST, WEST, SOUTH AND NORTH IN CHINESE LANGUAGE
This article examines the underlying cognitive logic and cultural code embedded in the Chinese directional concepts of east, west, south, and north. Drawing on data from Chinese lexicographical sources spanning classical and modern periods, including Shuowen Jiezi and Modern Chinese Dictionary, the study analyzes the semantic development, derivative lexical units, idiomatic expressions, and cultural meanings associated with these four cardinal directions. The research demonstrates that directional terms in Chinese are not merely geographical markers but important cultural symbols formed through a cognitive chain of natural observation, cultural interpretation, and social application. The analysis reveals that each direction embodies a distinct cultural value. East is associated with sunrise, vitality, honor, authority, and prosperity; west symbolizes sunset, completion, aging, and death; south represents light, warmth, nobility, favorable conditions, and social prestige; while north is connected with coldness, retreat, defeat, and negative connotations. Through the examination of representative words, idioms, and fixed expressions, the article shows how these directional concepts have influenced traditional Chinese etiquette, social hierarchy, architectural principles, military terminology, and philosophical perceptions of life and death. The findings indicate that directional vocabulary functions as a linguistic carrier of Chinese cultural memory, preserving traditional cultural values and worldview across generations. The study highlights the close relationship between language and culture underscoring the importance of understanding the cultural semantics of directional expressions in Chinese language teaching, intercultural communication, and linguistic research. Ultimately, directional words and their derivatives provide valuable insights into the cognitive patterns value system, and cultural identity of the Chinese people.
LINGUOCULTURAL AND LINGUOREGIONAL FEATURES OF THE METEONYM PLUIE – RAIN IN FRENCH PAREMIOLOGY
This article discusses the linguoregional, linguocultural and semantic features of paremiological units in which the metonym rain is involved. The role of metonyms in linguistics, their study, as well as the linguocultural, semantic and territorial features that express them when they appear in paremiological units were studied. The linguocultural, semantic and territorial features of proverbs and sayings related to the phenomenon of rain and rainfall in the French language material were analyzed and how the phenomenon of rain was reflected in the socio-cultural life and values ​​of French departments were analyzed. It was also shown through examples that these units show national and territorial identity and in this process, the diverse features of local culture, folk lifestyle, values, as well as the territorial-cultural landscape of departments are revealed. The article analyzes the linguistic and cultural aspects of the spiritual world of the inhabitants of French departments, which relate to the relationship between man and nature, as reflected in the paremiological units of the metonym of rain. Using selected examples, it is shown that it is possible to get an idea of ​​​​the daily routines and traditions of the people of this region through what and how rain affects them. The fact that the inhabitants of different regions have different attitudes to rainfall on a given day, month or season and the factors that play a role in the different attitudes were shown through the analysis of examples. The article also examined the connotative properties of the words included in the examples.
LINGUOTEXTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE AMBASSADORIAL BOOK ON RUSSIA'S RELATIONS WITH KHIVA IN 1670–1673
From the linguotextological aspect, the article examines one of the genres of Russian official-business writings, the so-called Ambassadorial Book, which documents to the diplomatic relations between Russia and Khiva from 1670 to 1673.It includes a) official messages – charters, decrees of Russian tsars; b) petitions of translators (interpreters), bailiffs, Russian prisoners, addressed to the rulers of Russia; c) small excerpts taken from reports (article lists) of ambassadors of Muscovite Rus' who traveled to the Khiva Khanate, interrogatory speeches of Khiva ambassadors (messengers); d) memories of governors, clerks of the Ambassadorial Office and congress huts of Russian cities, reports compiled by sub-clerks by order of tsars and clerks; e) Russian translations of khan's decrees addressed to Russian officials; Petitions of the Khiva ambassadors written after their stay in the territory of the Moscow state, lists of gifts on behalf of the khans and ambassadors intended for Russian officials, and contemporary Russian translations. The source material shows that documents produced in the tsar's chancery were written in Old Russian using seventeenth-century Russian cursive script, whereas official messages from the khans of Khiva to the tsars of Moscow Rus' and other Russian officials were written in the Khivan khan's chancery in Turkic and Persian, using the Arabic script. At the same time, individual analyses are made of: 1) elements of Russian cursive writing; 2) excerpts taken from Russian business writing – the Old Russian text of the reply letter of the Moscow tsar Mikhail Fedorovich to the Khiva khan Anavshamagmet Bagadyr and a contemporary Turkic translation, created in the tsar's chancery in Moscow; 3) the names of officials of the Ambassadorial Office, the congress huts, and the chancellery of the Khiva Khan. It is noted that regular Khiva-Russian, Russian-Khiva diplomatic, and trade relations in the 17th century led to the development of Turkic-Russian, Russian-Turkic business writing, as well as the mutual enrichment of the vocabulary of the Old Russian language and the Central Asian languages ​​– Turkic and Farsi.
ARTISTIC MASTERY IN CHARACTER CREATION AND STYLISTIC-AESTHETIC FEATURES IN ULUG‘BEK HAMDAM’S NOVEL OTA
This article examines Ulug‘bek Hamdam’s novel Ota with a focus on the writer’s skill in character creation and the stylistic and aesthetic features of the work. The study analyzes the image of the father as one of the central artistic figures through which the novel explores the relationship between the individual and society, moral responsibility, generational continuity, father – child relations, and inner psychological experience. Particular attention is paid to the artistic devices, descriptive techniques, speech characteristics, monologues, dialogues, and psychological details used to reveal the character’s inner world. The research also considers the role of internal conflict and artistic psychologism in representing the spiritual and moral dimensions of the father figure. Using psychological and descriptive methods, the article identifies the specific features of the artistic interpretation of the father image in contemporary Uzbek prose and evaluates its national, cultural, educational, and philosophical significance. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the ideological and artistic features of Ota and help define Ulug‘bek Hamdam’s place in the development of contemporary Uzbek literature.
VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL MEANS IN COMIC TEXTS: A THEORETICAL AND PRAGMATIC APPROACH IN FRENCH AND UZBEK
This article examines the theoretical and pragmatic foundations of verbal and non-verbal means in comic discourse. The research is based on the premise that comic meaning emerges through the interaction of linguistic units and extralinguistic resources, including gesture, facial expression, intonation, kinesics, proxemics, and visual–graphic elements. Drawing on pragmatic, semiotic, cognitive, and multimodal approaches, the study conceptualizes comic discourse as a complex communicative system in which humor, irony, and parody are generated through implicit meanings, presuppositions, implicatures, and communicative intentions. Particular attention is paid to the role of cultural and contextual factors in shaping comic interpretation, emphasizing that verbal and non-verbal means function differently across national communicative traditions. From a comparative perspective, the article outlines the theoretical principles relevant to the analysis of French and Uzbek comic texts and demonstrates how multimodal interaction contributes to their semantic and pragmatic coherence. This study provides a conceptual and methodological framework for the comparative and multimodal analysis of comic texts.
COLOR SYMBOLS AND THEIR POETIC FUNCTION IN THE STRUCTURE OF CEREMONIAL LYRIC
This article provides a scientific analysis of the role of color symbolism in ritual folklore, its ancient roots, and its spiritual and cultural significance. The study highlights the symbolic meanings of colors formed in connection with animistic, totemistic, and shamanistic beliefs. Particular attention is given to the use of white, black, red, blue, and yellow colors in the shamanic rituals of the Uzbek people, including badik chants, wedding, and funeral ceremonies, as well as to the analysis of their magical and aesthetic functions. The article reveals the symbolic meanings of colors associated with the major stages of human life — birth, marriage, and death. In addition, the poetic and psychological functions of color images in folk songs and ritual chants are also examined. The purpose of the study is to determine the significance of color symbolism in folk creativity and its role in shaping the народ worldview by presenting the historical-genetic roots of color symbols, their mythological and religious interpretations, artistic and aesthetic features, and their classification within folk poetics. Within this objective, the following tasks were defined: identifying the genesis of poetic symbols related to colors — clarifying their origin, historical formation, and stages of development; studying the factors that contributed to the formation of aesthetic attitudes toward color — identifying social, cultural, religious, and mythological foundations of this process; demonstrating the representation of attitudes toward colors in ritual and non-ritual folklore samples, and analyzing their poetic and functional features. The object of the study includes the main genres of Uzbek oral folklore — epics (dastans), fairy tales, lapars, songs, riddles, proverbs, and samples of children's folklore collected in multi-volume publications. The subject of the study consists of symbolic color images found in Uzbek oral folklore, their semantic layers, poetic functions, and aesthetic significance. The research examines the representation of color symbols in folklore genres (epics, fairy tales, lapars, songs, proverbs, riddles, and children's folklore), their historical and mythological roots, and their artistic interpretation. The study employs descriptive, comparative-typological, psychological, and комплекс analytical methods. The research results demonstrate that color symbolism is closely connected with the folk worldview, mythological concepts, and social experience. The article serves as an important source for studying the genesis and functional features of color symbols in ritual folklore.
LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH GEOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY AND THE PROBLEMS OF ITS TRANSLATION
This article analyzes linguistic phenomena in English geological terminology and the challenges involved in translating geological terms into Uzbek. The study focuses on homonymy, synonymy, and polysemy within geological terminology as key linguistic factors affecting translation accuracy. It examines issues related to the unit of translation and demonstrates how these phenomena may lead to misinterpretation, semantic discrepancies, and terminological ambiguity. The relevance of the topic is determined by the rapid development of geological sciences, increasing interdisciplinary integration, and the widespread use of English-language scientific resources. The novelty of the article lies in its analysis of homonymy and polysemy in geological terms from the perspective of translation studies, with particular attention to the difficulties that arise in the translation process. These difficulties may be intensified by “translator’s false friends” and non-terminological lexical units, which can cause a term to be interpreted outside its scientific context and result in inaccurate translation. The main objective of the research is to identify the semantic features of English geological terms and to reveal the challenges of rendering them into Uzbek. The findings substantiate the need for specialized translators to take into account context, the relevant terminological system, and semantic precision when translating geological terms. The article also offers practical recommendations for improving translation accuracy.
NATIONAL SPECIALIZED PUBLICATIONS IN UZBEKISTAN’S TOURISM JOURNALISM: TYPOLOGY, FUNCTIONS, AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
This article analyses the historical formation, typological characteristics, functional features, and content orientation of national specialized publications in Uzbekistan’s tourism journalism. The study examines the gradual transformation of tourism journalism from travel writing and travel journalism into an independent specialized media field. Using historical-chronological, typological, and content analysis methods, the article explores tourism-oriented publications in Uzbekistan, including O‘zbekiston-Contact (1964), O‘zbekiston, Vizit Uzbekistan, Turizm olami, Sakvoyaj, Olamaro, Uzbekistan Travel, and Tourism Uzbekistan, as well as inflight magazines such as Uzbekistan Airways and Centrum Travel Magazine. Particular attention is paid to their editorial policies, thematic priorities, genre diversity, language strategies, visual design, target audiences, and role in the international media space. The findings show that tourism journalism in Uzbekistan is developing as an independent specialized media sector with significant communicative potential for shaping the country’s national image, promoting its historical and cultural heritage, and supporting domestic and international tourism. The article also considers the strategic role of inflight magazines in tourism promotion, cultural diplomacy, and national branding, as well as the increasing importance of multimedia technologies, digital platforms, and visual communication tools. The conclusion offers practical recommendations for developing tourism journalism as an academic discipline, training specialized journalists, and improving tourism publications in line with contemporary media trends.
LINGUISTIC-CONTRASTIVE AND LINGUO-DIDACTIC FEATURES OF RUSSIAN AND NATIVE SOUND SYSTEMS
The Russian phonetics course is designed for Turkic-speaking students at universities in Uzbekistan, where Russian is taught as a second or foreign language. The course focuses on improving pronunciation skills, developing an appropriate articulatory base, and eliminating errors caused by differences between the sound systems of Uzbek and Russian. Special attention is paid to systematic work on the articulatory base of Turkic-speaking learners, including pronunciation training and correction at all stages of instruction. The use of minimal pairs and progressively more complex phonetic tasks helps students consciously control their pronunciation and overcome typical errors resulting from interference between their native language (Uzbek) and the target language (Russian). The practical orientation of the course facilitates the application of acquired knowledge and skills in real communicative situations, contributing to the development of students’ communicative competence and confidence in using Russian. The study also examines theoretical aspects of phonetics, including the principles of the Moscow and Leningrad phonetic schools, as well as the concepts of invariant, variation, and phoneme variants, together with the prosodic features of the Russian language. Particular attention is given to interference at the segmental and prosodic levels, including difficulties related to vowel reduction, consonant assimilation, and the pronunciation of phonemes absent in the learners’ native language. The importance of a contrastive linguistic approach is emphasized, as it helps identify similarities and differences between the native and target languages and contributes to more conscious pronunciation acquisition. The practical part of the study analyzes methods of pronunciation correction, the use of minimal pairs, and the gradual increase in phonetic task complexity. The teaching tasks proposed in the study are aimed at developing stable phonetic skills, reducing interference, and creating conditions for effective communication in Russian.
TRAINING ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHERS IN THE CONTEXT OF EMPATHY: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
This article examines the development of empathic competence as a means of enhancing the professional training of future English language teachers. In the context of the modern educational paradigm, focused on humanization and intercultural dialogue, empathy is analyzed not only as a psychological phenomenon but also as a fundamental linguodidactic tool of professional mediation. The author emphasizes that in foreign language education, the teacher acts as a "cultural mediator," whose professional activity requires theability to decenter, interpret culturally conditioned behavior, and adequately decode the emotional state of the communication partner. The theoretical framework of the study is based on communicative-activity and humanistic approaches, as well as the principles of the Affective Filter Hypothesis (Krashen, 1982), which justify the systemic role of empathy in the structure of intercultural communicative competence. The study also identifies key difficulties in developing empathic competence, including the predominance of a cognitive-informational approach, insufficient development of interpretive-reflective skills, and the limited authentic communicative experience of learners. Special attention is given to the description of methodological strategies presented in the author's instructional course "Intercultural Communication in the Context of Empathy" (2026), such as analysis of critical incidents, empathic reframing, and the use of TED platform videos as cognitively and emotionally meaningful learning support. The proposed approaches aim to develop learners' interpretive and empathic skills and to foster their readiness for effective intercultural interaction.
challenges and pedagogical conditions of teaching
REVISITING THE VERIFICATION OF A0–A2 ARABIC PROFICIENCY WITHIN THE COMMON EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK OF REFERENCE FOR LANGUAGES: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF DESCRIPTOR ADAPTATION IN THE CONTEXT OF UZBEK–RUSSIAN BILINGUALISM
In the context of globalization, teaching Arabic as a foreign language requires the adoption of international assessment standards, such as the CEFR. However, these standards, originally developed on the basis of European languages, do not account for the structural features of the Semitic languages or the cognitive characteristics of students in regional educational contexts. Despite existing CEFR adaptations for Arabic, little research has examined the combined influence of Uzbek-Russian bilingualism on mastering the Arabic script (Abjad) and overcoming the graphic threshold. Existing descriptors do not adequately assess competencies at A0–A2 levels under conditions of Arabic diglossia. This paper proposes a three-stage model for descriptor adaptation, implemented through three stages. First, the model introduces graphic validation at the A0 level including allographic recognition and basic decoding skills. Second, a diglossic balance mechanism for register recognition (MSA and Ammiya) is developed. Third, a methodology for utilizing "lexical acceleration" based on Arabic-Persian loanwords is described. The empirical component of the study includes survey results (N=52) and the testing of register validation exercises. The pilot study confirmed an unvocalized text decoding barrier in 85% of students at the initial stage. The testing of the proposed methodology showed that utilizing specialized exercises to develop diglossic awareness is effective: the accuracy of communicative context recognition among students in experimental groups increased significantly. A "lexical acceleration" effect (up to 30%) was identified due to the common Arabic-Persian lexical layer in the Uzbek language. Experimental results showed that register validation exercises increase the accuracy of context recognition by 25 %. The legitimization of the Pre-A1 level as a mandatory technological cycle is substantiated. The findings contribute to the development of linguodidactic theory in the field of teaching Oriental languages in a bilingual environment. The proposed modification of descriptors can serve as a methodological basis for improving national educational standards and creating criteria-oriented tests for the Arabic language in Uzbekistan.
THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE LANGUAGE FOR LEARNING PURPOSES
THE NECESSITY OF DEVELOPING STUDENTS' LINGUOPRAGMATIC COMPETENCE IN TEACHING TRANSLATION
This article analyzes the theoretical foundations and practical aspects of developing linguopragmatic competence in teaching translation to students studying in the field of philology. The study thoroughly examines the concept of linguopragmatic competence, which covers not only pragmatic factors but also linguistic factors, and substantiates its significance and crucial role in the translation process. The article argues that translation is not just a lexically and grammatically correct transfer from one language to another, but also a process of accurately conveying communicative intent, cultural context, and pragmatic meanings. Relying on the ideas of scholars, the article provides an analysis of exercises and tasks that develop linguopragmatic competence. The role of these exercises and tasks in translation classes and their importance in solving pragmatic problems encountered by students are examined. In addition, an author-developed system of exercises is proposed. Within the scope of the research, a large-scale survey was conducted at 5 higher education institutions in our republic located in different regions and the curricula of these higher education institutions were analyzed. The results of the survey showed that while there is attention given to developing linguopragmatic competence in translation classes, shortcomings such as insufficient use of pragmatic exercises and lack of specialized methodological materials were also identified. From this perspective, recommendations are provided for developing a system of pragmatic exercises, creating specialized methodological resources, and using authentic resources in classes.
A STUDY OF A SYSTEM OF DIDACTIC EXERCISES AIMED AT TRAINING SPECIALIZED TRANSLATORS BASED ON INFORMATION RESOURCES
This study examines the effective use of information resources in the training of specialized translators. In modern translation practice, digital technologies, electronic dictionaries, terminological databases, and online platforms play a significant role. The main objective of the study is to develop an effective system of didactic exercises based on information resources for training specialized translators and to determine its practical effectiveness. To achieve this goal, several research tasks were identified. First, theoretical sources related to specialized translation and translation competence were thoroughly analyzed. Then, the role and importance of information resources in translation education were clarified. At the next stage, a system of didactic exercises was developed and scientifically classified. This system was tested in the educational process. Finally, the obtained results were analyzed and generalized. The methodological basis of the study includes competence-based, integrative, and learner-centered approaches. In addition, the theories of constructivism and connectivism were applied as methodological foundations. The study employed methods such as theoretical analysis, observation, questionnaires, experimental research, as well as statistical and qualitative analysis of the results. The findings of the study demonstrate that the system of didactic exercises based on information resources is highly effective in developing students’ translation competence. In particular, significant improvements were observed in terminological accuracy, text-processing skills, independent thinking, and decision-making in problem situations. The use of digital tools also enhanced students’ motivation and engagement. The findings of the study indicate that the application of information resource-based didactic exercises improves the effectiveness of training specialized translators. However, for this process to be effective, it is essential to ensure thorough methodological planning, develop teachers’ digital competence, and provide appropriate technological infrastructure. This approach contributes to the training of qualified translators who meet the demands of the modern labor market.
ANTHROPOCENTRISM IN ENGLISH, RUSSIAN, AND UZBEK PAREMIOLOGICAL UNITS: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES
Language accumulates the centuries-old experience of its speakers and performs a representative function. Through linguistic means, it reflects the relationship between the individual, culture, and society, as well as the characteristics of individual linguistic personalities. Proverbs are among the linguistic units that most vividly preserve the historical experience of a people and the social, aesthetic, moral, ethical, and spiritual worldviews formed on its basis. Speakers of different languages often act as bearers of traditional cultural and linguocultural values, including social, moral, and religious norms expressed through proverbs. This article presents a comparative study of the paremiological fund of English, Russian, and Uzbek from the perspective of anthropocentrism. It also provides a statistical analysis of proverbs and sayings in the three languages.
COGNITIVE MECHANISM BLENDING IN THE METAPHORICAL USAGE OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH AN ANTHROPONYMIC COMPONENT
A phraseological unit is a stable word combination consisting of two or moreword components that are applied in a transferred meaning to varying degrees, have the opportunity to figuratively describe sensory processes and reality, and reflect the activity of a person in different spheres to some extent. The development of modern linguistic trends, especially cultural linguistics and cognitive linguistics, necessitates the study of phraseological units in linguoculturological and linguocognitive aspects. In these areas, the onomastic component layer of the phraseological system is of particular importance, as it clearly reflects the encyclopedic information inherent in a particular people and reflects national and cultural characteristics. In the human memory, this encyclopedic information is stored in the cognitive structure of a conceptual system, forming phraseological units that have a new associative meaning and the ability to be used metaphorically at different levels. This article aims to conduct a blending analysis in the theory of conceptual integration, one of the cognitive mechanisms of which is actively involved in the metaphorical application of phraseological units with an anthroponymic component in English and Uzbek languages, belonging to the subsystem of phraseological units with onomastic components. It has become clear that the blending analysis of phraseological units with anthroponymic components with transferred meanings in English and Uzbek has not been sufficiently studied in the theory of conceptual integration. Based on this, this article recognizes the existence of specific features of the metaphorical usage of phraseological units with an anthroponymic component under a common conceptual framework in the languages in comparison.