Foreign Languages ​​in Uzbekistan (JOURNALFLEDU.COM)
“Foreign Languages in Uzbekistan” is an open-access, peer-reviewed scientific journal and online portal established under the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 283 dated October 16, 2013. It is founded by the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovation of Uzbekistan and the Uzbek State University of World Languages. The journal focuses on research in philology and related fields, including theoretical linguistics, language teaching methodology, translation studies, literary studies, culture, and journalism. It provides a platform for scholars to publish scientific results and share academic research. Journal is published six times per year in a continuous online format, with no print version. All submissions undergo plagiarism screening and double-blind peer review. Original, previously unpublished articles are accepted in English, Uzbek, Russian, and other languages. The journal is indexed in multiple scientific databases, including the Higher Attestation Commission of Uzbekistan, Google Scholar, Crossref, eLIBRARY, WorldCat, BASE, OpenAIRE, PKP Index, and others. Publication costs are generally covered by authors. For complete information, full details, please visit: https://journalfledu.com/index.php/fleduuz/about
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ARTISTIC MASTERY IN CHARACTER CREATION AND STYLISTIC-AESTHETIC FEATURES IN ULUG‘BEK HAMDAM’S NOVEL OTA
This article examines Ulug‘bek Hamdam’s novel Ota with a focus on the writer’s skill in character creation and the stylistic and aesthetic features of the work. The study analyzes the image of the father as one of the central artistic figures through which the novel explores the relationship between the individual and society, moral responsibility, generational continuity, father – child relations, and inner psychological experience. Particular attention is paid to the artistic devices, descriptive techniques, speech characteristics, monologues, dialogues, and psychological details used to reveal the character’s inner world. The research also considers the role of internal conflict and artistic psychologism in representing the spiritual and moral dimensions of the father figure. Using psychological and descriptive methods, the article identifies the specific features of the artistic interpretation of the father image in contemporary Uzbek prose and evaluates its national, cultural, educational, and philosophical significance. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the ideological and artistic features of Ota and help define Ulug‘bek Hamdam’s place in the development of contemporary Uzbek literature.
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VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL MEANS IN COMIC TEXTS: A THEORETICAL AND PRAGMATIC APPROACH IN FRENCH AND UZBEK
This article examines the theoretical and pragmatic foundations of verbal and non-verbal means in comic discourse. The research is based on the premise that comic meaning emerges through the interaction of linguistic units and extralinguistic resources, including gesture, facial expression, intonation, kinesics, proxemics, and visual–graphic elements. Drawing on pragmatic, semiotic, cognitive, and multimodal approaches, the study conceptualizes comic discourse as a complex communicative system in which humor, irony, and parody are generated through implicit meanings, presuppositions, implicatures, and communicative intentions. Particular attention is paid to the role of cultural and contextual factors in shaping comic interpretation, emphasizing that verbal and non-verbal means function differently across national communicative traditions. From a comparative perspective, the article outlines the theoretical principles relevant to the analysis of French and Uzbek comic texts and demonstrates how multimodal interaction contributes to their semantic and pragmatic coherence. This study provides a conceptual and methodological framework for the comparative and multimodal analysis of comic texts.
COLOR SYMBOLS AND THEIR POETIC FUNCTION IN THE STRUCTURE OF CEREMONIAL LYRIC
This article provides a scientific analysis of the role of color symbolism in ritual folklore, its ancient roots, and its spiritual and cultural significance. The study highlights the symbolic meanings of colors formed in connection with animistic, totemistic, and shamanistic beliefs. Particular attention is given to the use of white, black, red, blue, and yellow colors in the shamanic rituals of the Uzbek people, including badik chants, wedding, and funeral ceremonies, as well as to the analysis of their magical and aesthetic functions. The article reveals the symbolic meanings of colors associated with the major stages of human life — birth, marriage, and death. In addition, the poetic and psychological functions of color images in folk songs and ritual chants are also examined. The purpose of the study is to determine the significance of color symbolism in folk creativity and its role in shaping the народ worldview by presenting the historical-genetic roots of color symbols, their mythological and religious interpretations, artistic and aesthetic features, and their classification within folk poetics. Within this objective, the following tasks were defined: identifying the genesis of poetic symbols related to colors — clarifying their origin, historical formation, and stages of development; studying the factors that contributed to the formation of aesthetic attitudes toward color — identifying social, cultural, religious, and mythological foundations of this process; demonstrating the representation of attitudes toward colors in ritual and non-ritual folklore samples, and analyzing their poetic and functional features. The object of the study includes the main genres of Uzbek oral folklore — epics (dastans), fairy tales, lapars, songs, riddles, proverbs, and samples of children's folklore collected in multi-volume publications. The subject of the study consists of symbolic color images found in Uzbek oral folklore, their semantic layers, poetic functions, and aesthetic significance. The research examines the representation of color symbols in folklore genres (epics, fairy tales, lapars, songs, proverbs, riddles, and children's folklore), their historical and mythological roots, and their artistic interpretation. The study employs descriptive, comparative-typological, psychological, and комплекс analytical methods. The research results demonstrate that color symbolism is closely connected with the folk worldview, mythological concepts, and social experience. The article serves as an important source for studying the genesis and functional features of color symbols in ritual folklore.
LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH GEOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY AND THE PROBLEMS OF ITS TRANSLATION
This article analyzes linguistic phenomena in English geological terminology and the challenges involved in translating geological terms into Uzbek. The study focuses on homonymy, synonymy, and polysemy within geological terminology as key linguistic factors affecting translation accuracy. It examines issues related to the unit of translation and demonstrates how these phenomena may lead to misinterpretation, semantic discrepancies, and terminological ambiguity. The relevance of the topic is determined by the rapid development of geological sciences, increasing interdisciplinary integration, and the widespread use of English-language scientific resources. The novelty of the article lies in its analysis of homonymy and polysemy in geological terms from the perspective of translation studies, with particular attention to the difficulties that arise in the translation process. These difficulties may be intensified by “translator’s false friends” and non-terminological lexical units, which can cause a term to be interpreted outside its scientific context and result in inaccurate translation. The main objective of the research is to identify the semantic features of English geological terms and to reveal the challenges of rendering them into Uzbek. The findings substantiate the need for specialized translators to take into account context, the relevant terminological system, and semantic precision when translating geological terms. The article also offers practical recommendations for improving translation accuracy.
NATIONAL SPECIALIZED PUBLICATIONS IN UZBEKISTAN’S TOURISM JOURNALISM: TYPOLOGY, FUNCTIONS, AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
This article analyses the historical formation, typological characteristics, functional features, and content orientation of national specialized publications in Uzbekistan’s tourism journalism. The study examines the gradual transformation of tourism journalism from travel writing and travel journalism into an independent specialized media field. Using historical-chronological, typological, and content analysis methods, the article explores tourism-oriented publications in Uzbekistan, including O‘zbekiston-Contact (1964), O‘zbekiston, Vizit Uzbekistan, Turizm olami, Sakvoyaj, Olamaro, Uzbekistan Travel, and Tourism Uzbekistan, as well as inflight magazines such as Uzbekistan Airways and Centrum Travel Magazine. Particular attention is paid to their editorial policies, thematic priorities, genre diversity, language strategies, visual design, target audiences, and role in the international media space. The findings show that tourism journalism in Uzbekistan is developing as an independent specialized media sector with significant communicative potential for shaping the country’s national image, promoting its historical and cultural heritage, and supporting domestic and international tourism. The article also considers the strategic role of inflight magazines in tourism promotion, cultural diplomacy, and national branding, as well as the increasing importance of multimedia technologies, digital platforms, and visual communication tools. The conclusion offers practical recommendations for developing tourism journalism as an academic discipline, training specialized journalists, and improving tourism publications in line with contemporary media trends.
LINGUISTIC-CONTRASTIVE AND LINGUO-DIDACTIC FEATURES OF RUSSIAN AND NATIVE SOUND SYSTEMS
The Russian phonetics course is designed for Turkic-speaking students at universities in Uzbekistan, where Russian is taught as a second or foreign language. The course focuses on improving pronunciation skills, developing an appropriate articulatory base, and eliminating errors caused by differences between the sound systems of Uzbek and Russian. Special attention is paid to systematic work on the articulatory base of Turkic-speaking learners, including pronunciation training and correction at all stages of instruction. The use of minimal pairs and progressively more complex phonetic tasks helps students consciously control their pronunciation and overcome typical errors resulting from interference between their native language (Uzbek) and the target language (Russian). The practical orientation of the course facilitates the application of acquired knowledge and skills in real communicative situations, contributing to the development of students’ communicative competence and confidence in using Russian. The study also examines theoretical aspects of phonetics, including the principles of the Moscow and Leningrad phonetic schools, as well as the concepts of invariant, variation, and phoneme variants, together with the prosodic features of the Russian language. Particular attention is given to interference at the segmental and prosodic levels, including difficulties related to vowel reduction, consonant assimilation, and the pronunciation of phonemes absent in the learners’ native language. The importance of a contrastive linguistic approach is emphasized, as it helps identify similarities and differences between the native and target languages and contributes to more conscious pronunciation acquisition. The practical part of the study analyzes methods of pronunciation correction, the use of minimal pairs, and the gradual increase in phonetic task complexity. The teaching tasks proposed in the study are aimed at developing stable phonetic skills, reducing interference, and creating conditions for effective communication in Russian.
TRAINING ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHERS IN THE CONTEXT OF EMPATHY: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
This article examines the development of empathic competence as a means of enhancing the professional training of future English language teachers. In the context of the modern educational paradigm, focused on humanization and intercultural dialogue, empathy is analyzed not only as a psychological phenomenon but also as a fundamental linguodidactic tool of professional mediation. The author emphasizes that in foreign language education, the teacher acts as a "cultural mediator," whose professional activity requires theability to decenter, interpret culturally conditioned behavior, and adequately decode the emotional state of the communication partner. The theoretical framework of the study is based on communicative-activity and humanistic approaches, as well as the principles of the Affective Filter Hypothesis (Krashen, 1982), which justify the systemic role of empathy in the structure of intercultural communicative competence. The study also identifies key difficulties in developing empathic competence, including the predominance of a cognitive-informational approach, insufficient development of interpretive-reflective skills, and the limited authentic communicative experience of learners. Special attention is given to the description of methodological strategies presented in the author's instructional course "Intercultural Communication in the Context of Empathy" (2026), such as analysis of critical incidents, empathic reframing, and the use of TED platform videos as cognitively and emotionally meaningful learning support. The proposed approaches aim to develop learners' interpretive and empathic skills and to foster their readiness for effective intercultural interaction.
challenges and pedagogical conditions of teaching
REVISITING THE VERIFICATION OF A0–A2 ARABIC PROFICIENCY WITHIN THE COMMON EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK OF REFERENCE FOR LANGUAGES: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF DESCRIPTOR ADAPTATION IN THE CONTEXT OF UZBEK–RUSSIAN BILINGUALISM
In the context of globalization, teaching Arabic as a foreign language requires the adoption of international assessment standards, such as the CEFR. However, these standards, originally developed on the basis of European languages, do not account for the structural features of the Semitic languages or the cognitive characteristics of students in regional educational contexts. Despite existing CEFR adaptations for Arabic, little research has examined the combined influence of Uzbek-Russian bilingualism on mastering the Arabic script (Abjad) and overcoming the graphic threshold. Existing descriptors do not adequately assess competencies at A0–A2 levels under conditions of Arabic diglossia. This paper proposes a three-stage model for descriptor adaptation, implemented through three stages. First, the model introduces graphic validation at the A0 level including allographic recognition and basic decoding skills. Second, a diglossic balance mechanism for register recognition (MSA and Ammiya) is developed. Third, a methodology for utilizing "lexical acceleration" based on Arabic-Persian loanwords is described. The empirical component of the study includes survey results (N=52) and the testing of register validation exercises. The pilot study confirmed an unvocalized text decoding barrier in 85% of students at the initial stage. The testing of the proposed methodology showed that utilizing specialized exercises to develop diglossic awareness is effective: the accuracy of communicative context recognition among students in experimental groups increased significantly. A "lexical acceleration" effect (up to 30%) was identified due to the common Arabic-Persian lexical layer in the Uzbek language. Experimental results showed that register validation exercises increase the accuracy of context recognition by 25 %. The legitimization of the Pre-A1 level as a mandatory technological cycle is substantiated. The findings contribute to the development of linguodidactic theory in the field of teaching Oriental languages in a bilingual environment. The proposed modification of descriptors can serve as a methodological basis for improving national educational standards and creating criteria-oriented tests for the Arabic language in Uzbekistan.
THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE LANGUAGE FOR LEARNING PURPOSES
THE NECESSITY OF DEVELOPING STUDENTS' LINGUOPRAGMATIC COMPETENCE IN TEACHING TRANSLATION
This article analyzes the theoretical foundations and practical aspects of developing linguopragmatic competence in teaching translation to students studying in the field of philology. The study thoroughly examines the concept of linguopragmatic competence, which covers not only pragmatic factors but also linguistic factors, and substantiates its significance and crucial role in the translation process. The article argues that translation is not just a lexically and grammatically correct transfer from one language to another, but also a process of accurately conveying communicative intent, cultural context, and pragmatic meanings. Relying on the ideas of scholars, the article provides an analysis of exercises and tasks that develop linguopragmatic competence. The role of these exercises and tasks in translation classes and their importance in solving pragmatic problems encountered by students are examined. In addition, an author-developed system of exercises is proposed. Within the scope of the research, a large-scale survey was conducted at 5 higher education institutions in our republic located in different regions and the curricula of these higher education institutions were analyzed. The results of the survey showed that while there is attention given to developing linguopragmatic competence in translation classes, shortcomings such as insufficient use of pragmatic exercises and lack of specialized methodological materials were also identified. From this perspective, recommendations are provided for developing a system of pragmatic exercises, creating specialized methodological resources, and using authentic resources in classes.
A STUDY OF A SYSTEM OF DIDACTIC EXERCISES AIMED AT TRAINING SPECIALIZED TRANSLATORS BASED ON INFORMATION RESOURCES
This study examines the effective use of information resources in the training of specialized translators. In modern translation practice, digital technologies, electronic dictionaries, terminological databases, and online platforms play a significant role. The main objective of the study is to develop an effective system of didactic exercises based on information resources for training specialized translators and to determine its practical effectiveness. To achieve this goal, several research tasks were identified. First, theoretical sources related to specialized translation and translation competence were thoroughly analyzed. Then, the role and importance of information resources in translation education were clarified. At the next stage, a system of didactic exercises was developed and scientifically classified. This system was tested in the educational process. Finally, the obtained results were analyzed and generalized. The methodological basis of the study includes competence-based, integrative, and learner-centered approaches. In addition, the theories of constructivism and connectivism were applied as methodological foundations. The study employed methods such as theoretical analysis, observation, questionnaires, experimental research, as well as statistical and qualitative analysis of the results. The findings of the study demonstrate that the system of didactic exercises based on information resources is highly effective in developing students’ translation competence. In particular, significant improvements were observed in terminological accuracy, text-processing skills, independent thinking, and decision-making in problem situations. The use of digital tools also enhanced students’ motivation and engagement. The findings of the study indicate that the application of information resource-based didactic exercises improves the effectiveness of training specialized translators. However, for this process to be effective, it is essential to ensure thorough methodological planning, develop teachers’ digital competence, and provide appropriate technological infrastructure. This approach contributes to the training of qualified translators who meet the demands of the modern labor market.
ANTHROPOCENTRISM IN ENGLISH, RUSSIAN, AND UZBEK PAREMIOLOGICAL UNITS: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES
Language accumulates the centuries-old experience of its speakers and performs a representative function. Through linguistic means, it reflects the relationship between the individual, culture, and society, as well as the characteristics of individual linguistic personalities. Proverbs are among the linguistic units that most vividly preserve the historical experience of a people and the social, aesthetic, moral, ethical, and spiritual worldviews formed on its basis. Speakers of different languages often act as bearers of traditional cultural and linguocultural values, including social, moral, and religious norms expressed through proverbs. This article presents a comparative study of the paremiological fund of English, Russian, and Uzbek from the perspective of anthropocentrism. It also provides a statistical analysis of proverbs and sayings in the three languages.
COGNITIVE MECHANISM BLENDING IN THE METAPHORICAL USAGE OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH AN ANTHROPONYMIC COMPONENT
A phraseological unit is a stable word combination consisting of two or moreword components that are applied in a transferred meaning to varying degrees, have the opportunity to figuratively describe sensory processes and reality, and reflect the activity of a person in different spheres to some extent. The development of modern linguistic trends, especially cultural linguistics and cognitive linguistics, necessitates the study of phraseological units in linguoculturological and linguocognitive aspects. In these areas, the onomastic component layer of the phraseological system is of particular importance, as it clearly reflects the encyclopedic information inherent in a particular people and reflects national and cultural characteristics. In the human memory, this encyclopedic information is stored in the cognitive structure of a conceptual system, forming phraseological units that have a new associative meaning and the ability to be used metaphorically at different levels. This article aims to conduct a blending analysis in the theory of conceptual integration, one of the cognitive mechanisms of which is actively involved in the metaphorical application of phraseological units with an anthroponymic component in English and Uzbek languages, belonging to the subsystem of phraseological units with onomastic components. It has become clear that the blending analysis of phraseological units with anthroponymic components with transferred meanings in English and Uzbek has not been sufficiently studied in the theory of conceptual integration. Based on this, this article recognizes the existence of specific features of the metaphorical usage of phraseological units with an anthroponymic component under a common conceptual framework in the languages in comparison.
THE ISSUE OF EXPRESSING AND ANALYZING PERSONAL FRAMES IN METAPHORS
Metaphors shape a particular perspective in interpreting the world and function as cognitive frames in the process of evaluating judgments and arguments. In this sense, emotions may appear as phenomena distinct from rational thinking; however, they can also be regarded as cognitive formative processes that exert a meaningful influence on human thought and behavior. Cognitive linguistics interprets metaphor as one of the key mechanisms of human cognition. The study of metaphor reveals the intrinsic connection between human experience and language, provides an important methodological basis for analyzing cultural cognition, and enables the exploration of the cognitive content of figurative expression in literature and poetry. Therefore, investigating metaphor in Uzbek poetry from a cognitive perspective not only deepens literary analysis but also helps identify national modes of thinking and conceptual worldviews. A personal frame is understood as a system of knowledge about a person, that is, a conceptual structure encompassing external appearance, psychological state, character, emotions, social status, and other attributes. In the metaphorical process, it is precisely the components of this frame that are mapped onto other conceptual domains. It should be emphasized that metaphors based on the personal frame are theoretically closely related to conceptual metaphor theory, frame semantics, conceptual integration, and the anthropocentric paradigm. These approaches place the human being at the center of the process of world perception and demonstrate the universality of the human concept in language. Therefore, such metaphors should be regarded not merely as aesthetic devices, but as significant cognitive mechanisms that reflect the conceptual structure of human thought.
GENERATIVE SOUNDSCAPES AS A METHOD OF MODELING MEDIATED EXPERIENCE
The article examines generative soundscapes as a method of modeling indirect experience and engaging with spaces inaccessible to direct perception. Drawing on three acoustic environments inspired by the landscapes of Patagonia, article analyzes the principles of processualism, open structure and mediated presence. These sound models do not aim to reproduce natural objects directly; they generate perceptual conditions associated with verticality, horizontal extent and movement. The theoretical part is based on the approaches of Southworth, Schaefer and Troyes, who view the sound environment as culturally and perceptually conditioned. The practical part demonstrates how generative algorithms can produce acoustic structures that function as continuous processes rather than as fixed compositions. The study demonstrates that this approach can be applied in museum and immersive projects dealing with lost architecture, archives and historical spaces, where sound acts as a mediator between bodily perception, memory and imaginary space.
FROM CREOLIZED TEXTS TO MULTIMODAL DISCOURSE: A THEORETICAL SHIFT IN ADVERTISING ANALYSIS
Contemporary digital advertising has rendered the Soviet-derived concept of “creolized texts” analytically insufficient. This article argues, from a psycholinguistic and social-semiotic perspective, that Multimodal Discourse Analysis (MDA) provides the theoretically adequate successor framework for studying verbal-visual meaning-making in cross-cultural advertising. Drawing on the visual grammar of Kress and van Leeuwen, Forceville’s theory of multimodal metaphor, Fauconnier’s mental spaces model, and the Uzbek psycholinguistic tradition of Safarov, the study presents a comparative corpus analysis of 100 automotive advertisements (50 English, and 50 Uzbek) collected from the official web platforms of Land Rover (UK) and BYD (Uzbekistan) between 2022 and 2025. The analysis demonstrates that the two corpora employstructurally distinct multimodal strategies: Land Rover campaigns construct individualistic survival metaphors through adversarial landscape composition, low-key chromatic registers, and minimal verbal anchors, while BYD’s Uzbek-market campaigns build metaphors of collective prosperity and spiritual blessing through centered composition, warm chromatic palettes, family- oriented gaze structures, and culturally resonant verbal activators such as “baraka”. These findings confirm that multimodal meaning-making is a culturally situated practice and that the reception of multimodal metaphors is shaped by culturally specific mental spaces within the receiver’s linguistic consciousness. The article concludes with methodological recommendations for future experimental reception on multimodal research.
DIGITAL CULTURE CONCEPTS IN TRILINGUAL MEDIA SPACE: COGNITIVE DYNAMICS AND LINGUOCULTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS
The article explores digital culture media concepts in a trilingual media space (English, Russian and Uzbek) from the perspectives of cognitive linguistics and media linguistics. The relevance of the study is determined by the rapid transformation of contemporary media environments and the growing influence of digital communication on cognitive and linguocultural models of social reality interpretation. The research aims to identify the specific features of representation and cognitive dynamics of digital culture media concepts across different linguistic and cultural contexts, as well as to reveal the mechanisms of their discursive and cognitive actualization. The novelty of the study lies in a comprehensive trilingual analysis of media concepts taking into account their cognitive structure, media specificity and cultural conditioning. The theoretical framework is based on the theory of concept, conceptual metaphor and conceptual blending, which makes it possible to interpret a media concept as a multidimensional construct functioning within multiple mental spaces of digital communication. The empirical analysis of English-, Russian- and Uzbek-language media discourse resulted in a binary classification of media concepts into media-amplified concepts and digital-born concepts. Thematic groups of media concepts were identified on the basis of their conceptual cores. The study reveals a clear asymmetry in the representation of digital culture media concepts across the three media spaces and establishes a decreasing scale of their prominence from English to Uzbek media discourse. It is also demonstrated that the transformation of peripheral components of media concepts is directly influenced by cultural context and by the degree of integration of the English language into Russian and Uzbek digital environments.
MECHANISMS OF STEREOTYPE AND VARIABILITY IN THE ASSOCIATIVE FIELD “BREST REGION”
This article analyzes the modeling of a fragment of the linguistic consciousness of residents of the Brest region. The aim of the study is to identify the structure of the associative field of the stimulus phrase “Brest region” and to describe the mechanisms of stereotypy and variability in its semantic content. To achieve this goal, a free association chain experiment was conductedamong 200 participants in the sports and tourism industries. The methodology includes a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the entire set of associative responses obtained, as well as semantic classification of associations into thematic groups. The study identified a stereotypical associations, as well as specific responses based on the respondents' professional backgrounds. The practical value of the study lies in its potential use in developing courses on cultural linguistics, ethnopsycholinguistics, and associative linguistics, as well as serving as a methodological basis for future research.
75 лет известному ученому и интересной личности (к юбилею Маханбета Джусупова)
В этой постоянной готовности пересмотреть мысль, изреченную вчера, и заключен секрет Молодости точных науках. В любой профессии любовь к ней является одним из условий успеха, но это особенно справедливо для научно-исследовательской работы. Ирен Жолио-Кюри
PECULARITIES OF KALAMBUR IN SPANISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
Debates concerning the language that facilitate the communication among the various peoples and nations of the world have persisted. Many ethnic groups and countries make an effort to indicate the diversity of their original language. It is important to note that there are arguments regarding the potential of the language to infer something about the language’s culture through examining the humor subgenres in this society. Kalamburs are one of the genres that best capture the language’s versatility, the variety of meanings it may convey, and the context of tradition and culture. Furthermore, scientists havedifferent views about classifying kalambur’s, origin and background. As a result, it is feasible to examine a variety of historical instances of the word kalambur. Furthermore, the degree to which the kalambur is actively represented in the language is determined by the existence of multiple historical narratives that associate this word with the names of places across multiple nations.This article deals with the structure of the kalambur in Spanish and Uzbek languages, its emergence as a term, the main reasons for its active use by mankind, the etymology, and its specific features.
EXCERPTS FROM THE WORK OF ALISHER NAVOI IN THE FIRST CHRESTOMATS
Over the past centuries, the works of poets and writers have been presented to readers in the form of various collections, and anthologies. To convey to the modern reader the literary heritage of past centuries, scientists have cited excerpts from the biography and work of this writer in anthologies. The book “Turkish Reader,” compiled by the orientalist scholar I. N. Berezin, is considered one of the first sources introducing Russian and other orientalists to examples of Turkish literature. To compile his anthology, Berezin uses handwritten copies of Turkic-speaking writers from Russian libraries. He gives the text of each work in Old Uzbek writing. The anthology also includes excerpts based on the sources of Alisher Navoi’s works. The article analyzes the translational status of excerpts from Navoi's works.
A GHAZAL FROM THE COLLECTION (KULLIYAH) OF NAVOI IN THE FRENCH NATIONAL LIBRARY
The following study analyses the ghazal on pages 9b-10a of the book "Gharayib al-sighar" in the collection of two volumes stored in the National Library of France in Paris with inventory numbers Turc 316 and Turc 317 of Alisher Navoi based on the contextual method. This ghazal is included in the 20th volume of Alisher Navoi's collection of perfect works among the ghazals that are not included in the official books. The article's novelty is that Navoi scholars have not yet analyzed or commented on this text. Moreover, the ghazal is studied based on the methodology of contextual analysis. The ghazal is considered as a part of the context of Alisher Navoi's creativity, as an edge that shows the creative concept of Alisher Navoi, and it is emphasized that the metaphorical love praised in it is one of the core ideas of Sufism enlightenment. The text was researched directly using a facsimile electronic copy of Alisher Navoi's collection, presented in the old Turkish alphabet, which was used by Alisher Navoi.
POLITICAL PORTRAIT IN PRINT AND INTERNET PUBLICATIONS: FOREIGN AND NATIONAL EXPERIENCE
In the process of researching the concept, formation, development, and evolution of a political portrait, the communication between political leaders and the people is considered relevant. To ensure this unity, it is important to provide news to society in the development of mass media from the historical oral and written forms to the present day. In the main essence of the information, the decrees and decisions of the political figures are reflected, since it makes possible to imagine the portrait of the political figure through the scale of changes at the country level. From this point of view, this article analyzes the hierarchical stages of the political portrait, its interpretation in print and internet publications. In the sources published in Uzbek and foreign publications, the author's “I”, style, skill, intellectual and emotional approach are studied. The place, role, position, worldview, ability, “image” of political persons in the political field are expressed.The author provides examples of democratic, impartiality, truthfulness, popularism principles, and the effectiveness of the sources. In the theory of journalism, the relevance of the political portrait genre and methodological methods are comparatively studied.
DEVELOPMENT ISSUES, PROBLEMS AND TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF UZBEK TELEVISION
This article evolutionarily studied the process of forming television in Uzbekistan. According to historical experience, the inclusion of a new, previously absent media in the system has always been an advanced step in terms of the efficiency of the transfer of socially significant data and its technical development. However, the new medium of mass communication, especially at the initial stage of its development, cannot demonstrate its capabilities and methods characteristic of nature. At the beginning of the 20th century, when radio began its steps, as well as the use of "newspaper forms" of presentation of material, television relied on the experience of radio as a new means of communication that performs social tasks. In the media system of the former USSR, television went a long way before in its early years it became a means of state propaganda, which aroused public admiration as an attractive technical means. The article explores the modern media space of national television, which arose in the middle of the 20th century, the modern system of mass communications, as well as the peculiarities of the formation and functioning in the context of the political life of society. The programs of Uzbek television by genre character were also investigated, the best projects in the history of television were analyzed. The spiritual and ethical aspects of the development of new genres and formats of television, as well as their specific influence on the audience, have been studied.
TRANSFORMATION OF RADIO BROADCASTING IN UZBEKISTAN IN CONDITIONS OF MEDIA CONVERGENCE
The article is devoted to identifying and comprehensively considering the changes occurring in the radio broadcasting system in the context of the development of media convergence. It is shown that for many years radio has developed as an independent and specific media structure with its own genre identity and features in the creation and presentation of content. With the development of Internet technologies and mobile communications, as well as under the influence of digitalization processes, radio journalism acquired new properties, not only its genres were modified, but also the forms of content provision and means of communication. Based on an analysis of the modern practice of foreign and domestic radio structures, complex dynamic processes occurring in the field of radio broadcasting have been studied and described, and options for the further development of radio in conditions of convergence have been predicted. The possibilities of the Internet for national broadcasters are analyzed, the experience of interaction between domestic radio stations and the Worldwide Computer Network is summarized. Such convergence models are presented as increased cooperation between radio broadcasters and other media, and a model of internal outsourcing. It has been proven that the radio industry in sovereign Uzbekistan today is increasingly involved in the Internet. It has become possible to listen to radio online, pages of radio stations have appeared on social networks, blogs are maintained by broadcasters, archives of the most significant programs are posted on the Internet, radio programs are posted on YouTube, podcasts, as well as user-generated content. The author substantiates that digitalization of media and their convergence are today important system-forming factors determining the strategic development of radio. The article highlights and characterizes the stages of development of the process of media convergence in the field of radio broadcasting in Uzbekistan. Examples of radio business adaptation to the conditions of a converged environment are considered. An analysis of the representation of domestic radio structures on the Internet made it possible to identify and present recommendations on various aspects related to the creation and distribution of content on radio, and the promotion of a radio channel on the Internet.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE MAIN PROBLEMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOCULTURAL COMPETENCE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN UZBEKISTAN THROUGH TRADITIONAL TEACHING METHODS (based on the material of the Spanish language)
This scientific article is devoted to identifying the main problems in the development of socio-cultural competence of university students in Uzbekistan through traditional methods of teaching Spanish. The use of traditional teaching methods, although it has its advantages, often does not pay enough attention to the sociocultural aspects of language and culture. This creates cultural and linguistic barriers that make it difficult for students to master the socio-cultural aspects of the Spanish language and limit their opportunities for communication and interaction in a Spanishspeaking environment. Within the framework of this article, the analysis of the main problems faced by students when teaching Spanish is carried out. The main problems include cultural differences, language barriers, lack of practical experience and lack of interactivity in traditional teaching methods. Differences in cultural values and customs between Uzbekistan and Spanish-speaking countries create difficulties in understanding the socio-cultural aspects of the language and culture of the Spanish environment. In addition, language differences and lack of practical experience also make it difficult to master socio-cultural skills. For solving these problems, the author of the article suggests using new methods of teaching Spanish, which take into account the peculiarities of the culture of Uzbekistan and contribute to the development of socio-cultural competence of students. These methods include the organization of extracurricular activities, the use of authentic materials, virtual learning and online resources, the integration of modern technologies, the organization of guest lectures and master classes, and other aspects.
CLIL AND MINT: A MODERN CONCEPT OF EARLY LEARNING FOREIGN LANGUAGES
When teaching foreign languages to children, it is recommended to use methods and techniques that increase motivation, develop mental activity and curiosity, develop attention, memory and imagination. In German language lessons, based on materials from the Children's Online University, the modern CLIL methodology is used, combining the study of a foreign language and empirical-experimental approach of many science subjects, in particular MINT subjects (mathematics, informatics, natural sciences and technology). This training allows you to improve students’ achievements not only to learn many subjects, but also to develop their language communication skills. Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) is an educational concept, in which the study of a foreign language is combined with mastery of the content of other subjects. First of all, it has become widespread in Europe. CLIL teaching places a special emphasis on language lessons, into which teachers integrate aspects of subject lessons. The amazing phenomena of MINT and project-based learning within the “German Children’s Online University” arouses curiosity and motivation among students, and offers German teachers a variety of approaches to subject-based project lessons.
principles of teaching foreign languages in primary school
CLIL — subject-language integrated learning
PRINCIPLES OF SELECTION OF AUTHENTIC MATERIALS IN TEACHING UZBEK AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
From year to year, interest in learning the Uzbek language has grown around the world. Unlike languages widely spoken in the world, the methodology of teaching Uzbek as a foreign language does not yet have rich experience. The process of teaching Uzbek to speakers of other languages and the problems arising in the process are not yet well studied by researchers. Educational literature on the Uzbek language created so far for foreigners cannot be considered sufficient as well. Particularly, there are several study guides and electronic complexes that have been created as a result of the experience of teaching Uzbek to English, German, Chinese, Korean, Russian learners. However, to what extent the teaching materials given in them are close to the living language and their effectiveness in developing speaking skills in the Uzbek language has not been studied properly. One of the actual problems in the methodology of teaching foreign languages is the problem associated with the use of authentic materials in the process of education. In this regard, experience has been accumulated from the methodologies of languages that are widely spoken across the world. Experts in this field are mainly concerned with the choice of authentic materials and their effective application in the educational process. This article is devoted to the problems of selecting authentic materials in the Uzbek language, their adaptation in accordance with the language needs of students and their intended use in the teaching process. The article analyzes the features of authentic materials that require attention when working with them, as well as their types that contribute to the effective development of speech in the Uzbek language. Methodological recommendations on the selection of authentic materials for foreign students studying Uzbek are given accordingly.
INTERPRETATION OF THE IMAGE OF THE SNAKE IN THE RUSSIAN AND UZBEK LINGUOCULTURES
The image of a snake in the system of zoonymic vocabulary unlike most other animals, is distinguished by its special richness and diversity of symbolism. The inconsistency of the image of a snake is manifested in the fact that it is popularly considered a symbol of wisdom, and at the same time, it appears as a negative image, associated with such concepts as “evil”, “danger”, “fear”, “meanness”, and “aggression”. Perhaps that is why different peoples' linguocultural features and views regarding the image of a snake generally coincide. This article is devoted to studying the multifunctional image of a snake in Russian and Uzbek linguistic cultures. It reveals the denotative and connotative meanings of phraseological and paremiological units with the key zoonym component “snake”, identifies common and distinctive clichéd units in the Russian and Uzbek languages, and also provides examples of their functioning in fiction.
NATIONAL-CULTURAL SPECIFICITY OF THE SEMIOSPHERE “HOSPITALITY” IN THE KOREAN AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
The article is devoted to the linguoculturological study of the semiosphere “hospitality” in the Korean and Uzbek language pictures of the world based on the linguocultural approach . The semiosphere “hospitality” is considered an etymological nest of cognate words derived from the roots “guest” ‘손’ [son] in Korean and “mehmon” in Uzbek. In this article, the roots ‘손’ [son] and “mehmon” are studied through the prism of their functions as constants for all cognate words that make up the word-formation paradigm in the semiosphere “hospitality”. The constant as an obligatory component, along with word-forming affixes, formants and other roots, takes part in the formation of a new meaning. Hospitality as a social phenomenon is a two-way process, which forms a binary opposition: “I (host) ↔ guest / I (guest) ↔ host». In both Korean and Uzbek mentalities, the universal semantic opposition “I (host) ↔ guest / I (guest) ↔ host” can be interpreted in social, confessional and territorial terms. In Korean culture, “hospitality” is synonymous with the saying “to greet with kindness and treat sincerely”, in Uzbek culture, it is synonymous with “to greet with warmth and kindness”. Linguistic and cultural analysis of proverbs and sayings associated with the binary opposition “I (host) ↔ guest / I (guest) ↔ host” made it possible to identify the main relevant features of Korean and Uzbek hospitality.
NATIONAL-CULTURAL CODE ON INTERNET MEDIA
The article describes and analyzes the national and cultural codes in the modern media discourse of Uzbekistan. National-cultural codes in contemporary media discourse are expressed in tactics and techniques for their construction. The tools for building nationalcultural codes in the media discourse of Uzbekistan is predetermined by the peculiarities of the national picture of the world, the quality of awareness and their adaptability to new conditions. This study aims to reveal and describe the national and cultural codes in the media discourse on the Uzbek-language website of the socio-political Internet publication. The national-cultural code is a medium through which the secondary codes change, which determine the daily life and structure of the behavior of specific societies, and therefore affect the consumer behavior of the individual in particular. The nationalcultural code constitutes a set of signs and meanings expressed in human activity.